BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY
Kigeli V of Rwanda
Kigeli V Ndahindurwa
Tutsi King Kigeli in Exile.jpg
Kigeli V in exile
Mwami of Rwanda
Reign 28 July 1959 – 28 January 1961
Predecessor Mutara III of Rwanda
Successor Monarchy abolished
Born 29 June 1936
Kamembe, Ruanda-Urundi
Died 16 October 2016 (aged 80)
Virginia, U.S.
Clan Abanyiginya[1]
Father Yuhi V of Rwanda
Mother Mukashema
Religion Catholic Church
Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (born Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa; 29 June 1936 – 16 October 2016) was the last ruling King (Mwami) of Rwanda, from 28 July 1959 until the overthrow of the Rwandan monarchy on 28 January 1961, shortly before the country acceded to independence from Belgium.
The titular King lived in exile during the final part of his life in the U.S. town of Oakton, Virginia. In exile, he was known for heading the King Kigeli V Foundation, promoting humanitarian work for Rwandan refugees, and for his activities in maintaining the cultural heritage of his formerly reigning royal house.
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Reign in Rwanda
3 Exile activities
3.1 Charity
4 Ancestry
5 Distinctions
5.1 Status and recognition
5.2 Title and style of address
5.3 Foreign titles
5.4 House orders
5.5 Foreign orders
5.6 Ecclesiastical decorations
5.7 City awards
5.8 Other awards
Early life and education
Kigeli was born Ndahindurwa on 29 June 1936 in Kamembe, Rwanda, to Yuhi Musinga, the deposed King Yuhi V of Rwanda, and Queen Mukashema, one of his wives.[2] He is ethnically Tutsi.[3] Kigeli had fourteen siblings, being one of the youngest of his father's many children.[4]
When Kigeli was 4 years old,[3][5] his father was exiled by the Belgian government to Moba, in the Democratic Republic of Congo.[5][6] Following the death of his father, in 1944 he returned to Rwanda.[7] Kigeli was baptised in the Catholic Church in his teens,[8] taking the Christian name Jean-Baptiste,[9] and remained a devout Catholic throughout his life.[3]
He received his education at the Groupe Scolaire Astrida (now Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare) in Rwanda,[2][10] and at the Nyangezi College in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo.[2][11] After he finished school in 1956,[3] he worked in local government in Rwanda until 1959.[2]
Reign in Rwanda
Brass lapel pin Vive Kigeli V "Long Live Kigeli V"
After his half-brother, King Mutara III Rudahigwa, died under mysterious circumstances on 25 July 1959, it was announced on 28 July that Kigeli would succeed him as King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa.[3][12] "Kigeli" is sometimes transcribed as "Kigeri".[13][14] Though married, Kigeli's late half-brother had had no children; the abrupt, shocking nature of the death prompted widespread talk of some kind of assassination having occurred.[4]
Kigeli's appointment was a surprise to the Belgian administration, who were not involved in his selection, and who described the event as a coup d'état,[3][15] a view shared by the newly politically empowered Hutu elite.[16] Kigeli himself also felt shocked and overwhelmed at the news of his ascension.[4] The tense atmosphere and presence of armed Rwandans at the funeral prevented the Belgians from objecting,[8][17] as well as preventing Hutu interference.[18] Despite this, Kigeli was initially favoured by all sides: Tutsi traditionalists, Hutu nationalists, and the Catholic clergy all felt optimistic on his appointment.[8] However, the manner of his appointment led to a loss of prestige for the Belgian authorities, and gave both Hutu and Tutsi revolutionaries the impression that violence might further their goals. The fact that the Tutsi establishment had engineered the rise to power also compromised Kigeli's ability to act in the traditional role as a neutral arbiter of differing factions.[17]
Kigeli duly followed regal tradition by disregarding past ethnic and ideological affiliations, embracing the role of the 'father of all Rwandan people'. However, political instability and tribal conflict grew despite efforts by the monarchy and others. Only a month after Kigeli's November 1959 ascension, Hutu versus Tutsi militancy increased to the point that hundreds died. Many Tutsi went into exile. Issues with the increasingly restive Hutu population were encouraged by the Belgian military, promoting widespread revolt. Kigeli later wrote, "I am not clinging to power... I will always accept the people’s verdict; what I cannot accept is that the Belgian Administration should influence or distort this verdict."[4]
In July 1960, Kigeli sought safe haven in the newly independent nation of Congo.[4] In 1961, Kigeli was in Kinshasa to meet Secretary General of the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld when Dominique Mbonyumutwa, with the support of the Belgian government, led a coup d'état that took control of the Rwandan state.[4] The monarchy's rule was formally overthrown on 28 January 1961.[19] The coup resulted in the 1961 referendum about the fate of the nation's royal system.[4]
The election results showed that, with about 95% turnout, around 80% of voters opposed the continuation of the monarchy. Kigeli criticized the affair as rigged; soon after re-entering Rwanda prior to the election, Belgian officials put him under house arrest.[4]
The government officially deported Kigeli to what is now Tanzania on 2 October 1961. He subsequently lived in multiple other locations, leaving the region of Tanganyika (living in Dar es Salaam) for places such as Kampala, Uganda, and Nairobi, Kenya. He was granted political asylum in the United States in July 1992. He resided in the U.S. for the rest of his life.[4]
Exile activities
Granted political asylum by the United States, he settled near Washington, D.C., where he claimed welfare, and lived in subsidized housing.[3][20] He subsequently settled in the Oakton, Virginia, area.[citation needed]
He traveled internationally to speak on behalf of the Rwandan people and repeatedly called for peace and harmony between the different groups. Kigeli continued to remember the victims of the Rwandan Genocide and attempted to reconcile all political, ethnic, and religious parties in Rwanda to use the democratic process to solve any disputes. Kigeli was a friend of former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and the Prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Patrice Lumumba.
In an August 2007 BBC interview, Kigeli expressed an interest in returning to Rwanda if the Rwandan people were prepared to accept him as their constitutional monarch. He said that he had met President Paul Kagame and that Kagame had told him that he and his family were free to return, but Kigeli said that in order to do so, he needed to know if the people still wanted him to be king. According to Kigeli, Kagame said that he would consult the government about the issue.[21]
Kigeli died of a heart ailment at the age of eighty on the morning of 16 October 2016.[22][23] His private secretary, Guye Pennington, said that an heir had been chosen and would be announced shortly.[24] Kigeli never married, in obedience to a rule banning marriage for kings while they were out of the country.[25]
Charity[edit]
He was the head of the King Kigeli V Foundation,[26] whose mission is to bring humanitarian initiatives on behalf of Rwandan refugees.[citation needed]
Ancestry
[show]Ancestors of Kigeli V of Rwanda
Distinctions
Status and recognition
As titular King in exile, as part of maintaining his royal family's cultural heritage, Kigeli V issued chivalric orders and titles of nobility with himself as fount of honour, in accordance with traditional customs.
Research in 2016 found that noble Rwandan titles were given to non-Rwandans by King Mutara III, the prior King of Rwanda. This was consistent with King Kigeli's statements that his elder brother, when he reigned as King, granted orders and noble titles to non-Rwandans. An independent article confirming this was printed in an article titled "African King Gets Papal Honor from Vatican" in The Guardian, a publication of the Roman Catholic diocese of Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 4 July 1947.[27]
The titles are recognised by Burke's Peerage[28] and the Augustan Society.[29]
However, the activities have also been a subject of controversy by critics.
An article in 2013 presented that donations between $1,000 to $8,000, and services of up to $30,000, have been given prior to the grant of honours.[30] The web site of King Kigeli issued a statement in September 2016 that awards were based on merit, related to past demonstrable charitable work, occupational achievement, and educational background, and that a passage fee could apply.[31]
Since the President of the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry could not recognise the titles as part of Rwanda's historical tradition in 2013, he labelled Kigeli's activities in titles "very sad", calling on them to not be awarded.[30] The King's Secretary General of the time replied, "Who has the right to question his authorities but God and his countrymen?"[30]
Title and style of address
His Majesty the Mwami of Rwanda (regnal 1959–1961, titular 1961–2016)
Foreign titles
Solomonic dynastyː Ras[32]
House orders
Royal Order of the Drum (Rwanda) - ribbon bar.gif Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Drum, first awarded by Kigeli[3]
Order of the Crown (Rwada), Commander.png Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Crown, first awarded by Kigeli[3]
Order of the Crane (Rwada), Commander.png Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Crested Crane, first awarded by Kigeli[3]
Knight, Order of the Lion (Rwada).png Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Lion (Intare), first awarded by Mutara III Rudahigwa[3]
Foreign orders
Foreign orders and decorations received by the King:[33]
Cavaliere SSML BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (House of Savoy)
PRT Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceicao de Vila Vicosa Cavaleiro ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (House of Braganza)
Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (Portugal) - ribbon bar.gif Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (House of Braganza)
Order of The Queen of Sheba (Ethiopia) ribbon.gif Grand Cross of the Order of the Queen of Sheba (Solomonic dynasty)
ETH Order of the Star of Ethiopia - Member BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (Ethiopian Empire)
ETH Order of Solomon BAR.png Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Solomon (Ethiopian Empire)
EGY Order of Ismail.png Grand Collar of the Royal Order of Ismail (Royal House of Egypt)
Orden del Águila de Georgia.png Grand Collar of the Order of the Eagle of Georgia (Royal House of Georgia)
Knight (single rank order) of the Order of Saint King David the Psalmist (Bagrationi dynasty)
Ehrenkreuz.png Honorary Cross, Royal and Merciful Society of Belgium[34]
Grand Collar of the Order of Merit of the Portuguese Royal House (House of Braganza) [35]
Ecclesiastical decorations[edit]
Roman Catholic Diocese of São Tomé and Príncipe: Cross of São Tomé, Apostolo by Bishop Abílio Rodas de Sousa Ribas[citation needed]
City awards
Portugal Knight of the Most Prestigious Brotherhood of the Most Blessed Sacrament of the Noble City of Lisbon, Portugal[citation needed]
United Kingdom Freedom of the City from the City of London Corporation[36]
Other awards
Gold Star Award by the International Strategic Studies Association for Outstanding Contributions to Strategic Progress Through Humanitarian Achievement for his work for Rwandan refugees in Africa
Kigeli V Ndahindurwa
Tutsi King Kigeli in Exile.jpg
Kigeli V in exile
Mwami of Rwanda
Reign 28 July 1959 – 28 January 1961
Predecessor Mutara III of Rwanda
Successor Monarchy abolished
Born 29 June 1936
Kamembe, Ruanda-Urundi
Died 16 October 2016 (aged 80)
Virginia, U.S.
Clan Abanyiginya[1]
Father Yuhi V of Rwanda
Mother Mukashema
Religion Catholic Church
Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (born Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa; 29 June 1936 – 16 October 2016) was the last ruling King (Mwami) of Rwanda, from 28 July 1959 until the overthrow of the Rwandan monarchy on 28 January 1961, shortly before the country acceded to independence from Belgium.
The titular King lived in exile during the final part of his life in the U.S. town of Oakton, Virginia. In exile, he was known for heading the King Kigeli V Foundation, promoting humanitarian work for Rwandan refugees, and for his activities in maintaining the cultural heritage of his formerly reigning royal house.
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Reign in Rwanda
3 Exile activities
3.1 Charity
4 Ancestry
5 Distinctions
5.1 Status and recognition
5.2 Title and style of address
5.3 Foreign titles
5.4 House orders
5.5 Foreign orders
5.6 Ecclesiastical decorations
5.7 City awards
5.8 Other awards
Early life and education
Kigeli was born Ndahindurwa on 29 June 1936 in Kamembe, Rwanda, to Yuhi Musinga, the deposed King Yuhi V of Rwanda, and Queen Mukashema, one of his wives.[2] He is ethnically Tutsi.[3] Kigeli had fourteen siblings, being one of the youngest of his father's many children.[4]
When Kigeli was 4 years old,[3][5] his father was exiled by the Belgian government to Moba, in the Democratic Republic of Congo.[5][6] Following the death of his father, in 1944 he returned to Rwanda.[7] Kigeli was baptised in the Catholic Church in his teens,[8] taking the Christian name Jean-Baptiste,[9] and remained a devout Catholic throughout his life.[3]
He received his education at the Groupe Scolaire Astrida (now Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare) in Rwanda,[2][10] and at the Nyangezi College in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo.[2][11] After he finished school in 1956,[3] he worked in local government in Rwanda until 1959.[2]
Reign in Rwanda
Brass lapel pin Vive Kigeli V "Long Live Kigeli V"
After his half-brother, King Mutara III Rudahigwa, died under mysterious circumstances on 25 July 1959, it was announced on 28 July that Kigeli would succeed him as King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa.[3][12] "Kigeli" is sometimes transcribed as "Kigeri".[13][14] Though married, Kigeli's late half-brother had had no children; the abrupt, shocking nature of the death prompted widespread talk of some kind of assassination having occurred.[4]
Kigeli's appointment was a surprise to the Belgian administration, who were not involved in his selection, and who described the event as a coup d'état,[3][15] a view shared by the newly politically empowered Hutu elite.[16] Kigeli himself also felt shocked and overwhelmed at the news of his ascension.[4] The tense atmosphere and presence of armed Rwandans at the funeral prevented the Belgians from objecting,[8][17] as well as preventing Hutu interference.[18] Despite this, Kigeli was initially favoured by all sides: Tutsi traditionalists, Hutu nationalists, and the Catholic clergy all felt optimistic on his appointment.[8] However, the manner of his appointment led to a loss of prestige for the Belgian authorities, and gave both Hutu and Tutsi revolutionaries the impression that violence might further their goals. The fact that the Tutsi establishment had engineered the rise to power also compromised Kigeli's ability to act in the traditional role as a neutral arbiter of differing factions.[17]
Kigeli duly followed regal tradition by disregarding past ethnic and ideological affiliations, embracing the role of the 'father of all Rwandan people'. However, political instability and tribal conflict grew despite efforts by the monarchy and others. Only a month after Kigeli's November 1959 ascension, Hutu versus Tutsi militancy increased to the point that hundreds died. Many Tutsi went into exile. Issues with the increasingly restive Hutu population were encouraged by the Belgian military, promoting widespread revolt. Kigeli later wrote, "I am not clinging to power... I will always accept the people’s verdict; what I cannot accept is that the Belgian Administration should influence or distort this verdict."[4]
In July 1960, Kigeli sought safe haven in the newly independent nation of Congo.[4] In 1961, Kigeli was in Kinshasa to meet Secretary General of the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld when Dominique Mbonyumutwa, with the support of the Belgian government, led a coup d'état that took control of the Rwandan state.[4] The monarchy's rule was formally overthrown on 28 January 1961.[19] The coup resulted in the 1961 referendum about the fate of the nation's royal system.[4]
The election results showed that, with about 95% turnout, around 80% of voters opposed the continuation of the monarchy. Kigeli criticized the affair as rigged; soon after re-entering Rwanda prior to the election, Belgian officials put him under house arrest.[4]
The government officially deported Kigeli to what is now Tanzania on 2 October 1961. He subsequently lived in multiple other locations, leaving the region of Tanganyika (living in Dar es Salaam) for places such as Kampala, Uganda, and Nairobi, Kenya. He was granted political asylum in the United States in July 1992. He resided in the U.S. for the rest of his life.[4]
Exile activities
Granted political asylum by the United States, he settled near Washington, D.C., where he claimed welfare, and lived in subsidized housing.[3][20] He subsequently settled in the Oakton, Virginia, area.[citation needed]
He traveled internationally to speak on behalf of the Rwandan people and repeatedly called for peace and harmony between the different groups. Kigeli continued to remember the victims of the Rwandan Genocide and attempted to reconcile all political, ethnic, and religious parties in Rwanda to use the democratic process to solve any disputes. Kigeli was a friend of former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and the Prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Patrice Lumumba.
In an August 2007 BBC interview, Kigeli expressed an interest in returning to Rwanda if the Rwandan people were prepared to accept him as their constitutional monarch. He said that he had met President Paul Kagame and that Kagame had told him that he and his family were free to return, but Kigeli said that in order to do so, he needed to know if the people still wanted him to be king. According to Kigeli, Kagame said that he would consult the government about the issue.[21]
Kigeli died of a heart ailment at the age of eighty on the morning of 16 October 2016.[22][23] His private secretary, Guye Pennington, said that an heir had been chosen and would be announced shortly.[24] Kigeli never married, in obedience to a rule banning marriage for kings while they were out of the country.[25]
Charity[edit]
He was the head of the King Kigeli V Foundation,[26] whose mission is to bring humanitarian initiatives on behalf of Rwandan refugees.[citation needed]
Ancestry
[show]Ancestors of Kigeli V of Rwanda
Distinctions
Status and recognition
As titular King in exile, as part of maintaining his royal family's cultural heritage, Kigeli V issued chivalric orders and titles of nobility with himself as fount of honour, in accordance with traditional customs.
Research in 2016 found that noble Rwandan titles were given to non-Rwandans by King Mutara III, the prior King of Rwanda. This was consistent with King Kigeli's statements that his elder brother, when he reigned as King, granted orders and noble titles to non-Rwandans. An independent article confirming this was printed in an article titled "African King Gets Papal Honor from Vatican" in The Guardian, a publication of the Roman Catholic diocese of Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 4 July 1947.[27]
The titles are recognised by Burke's Peerage[28] and the Augustan Society.[29]
However, the activities have also been a subject of controversy by critics.
An article in 2013 presented that donations between $1,000 to $8,000, and services of up to $30,000, have been given prior to the grant of honours.[30] The web site of King Kigeli issued a statement in September 2016 that awards were based on merit, related to past demonstrable charitable work, occupational achievement, and educational background, and that a passage fee could apply.[31]
Since the President of the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry could not recognise the titles as part of Rwanda's historical tradition in 2013, he labelled Kigeli's activities in titles "very sad", calling on them to not be awarded.[30] The King's Secretary General of the time replied, "Who has the right to question his authorities but God and his countrymen?"[30]
Title and style of address
His Majesty the Mwami of Rwanda (regnal 1959–1961, titular 1961–2016)
Foreign titles
Solomonic dynastyː Ras[32]
House orders
Royal Order of the Drum (Rwanda) - ribbon bar.gif Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Drum, first awarded by Kigeli[3]
Order of the Crown (Rwada), Commander.png Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Crown, first awarded by Kigeli[3]
Order of the Crane (Rwada), Commander.png Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Crested Crane, first awarded by Kigeli[3]
Knight, Order of the Lion (Rwada).png Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Lion (Intare), first awarded by Mutara III Rudahigwa[3]
Foreign orders
Foreign orders and decorations received by the King:[33]
Cavaliere SSML BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (House of Savoy)
PRT Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceicao de Vila Vicosa Cavaleiro ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (House of Braganza)
Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (Portugal) - ribbon bar.gif Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (House of Braganza)
Order of The Queen of Sheba (Ethiopia) ribbon.gif Grand Cross of the Order of the Queen of Sheba (Solomonic dynasty)
ETH Order of the Star of Ethiopia - Member BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (Ethiopian Empire)
ETH Order of Solomon BAR.png Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Solomon (Ethiopian Empire)
EGY Order of Ismail.png Grand Collar of the Royal Order of Ismail (Royal House of Egypt)
Orden del Águila de Georgia.png Grand Collar of the Order of the Eagle of Georgia (Royal House of Georgia)
Knight (single rank order) of the Order of Saint King David the Psalmist (Bagrationi dynasty)
Ehrenkreuz.png Honorary Cross, Royal and Merciful Society of Belgium[34]
Grand Collar of the Order of Merit of the Portuguese Royal House (House of Braganza) [35]
Ecclesiastical decorations[edit]
Roman Catholic Diocese of São Tomé and Príncipe: Cross of São Tomé, Apostolo by Bishop Abílio Rodas de Sousa Ribas[citation needed]
City awards
Portugal Knight of the Most Prestigious Brotherhood of the Most Blessed Sacrament of the Noble City of Lisbon, Portugal[citation needed]
United Kingdom Freedom of the City from the City of London Corporation[36]
Other awards
Gold Star Award by the International Strategic Studies Association for Outstanding Contributions to Strategic Progress Through Humanitarian Achievement for his work for Rwandan refugees in Africa
No comments:
Post a Comment