BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY
Afro-Nicaraguans are Nicaraguans of African descent in Nicaragua. They make up 9% of the population and they're the largest in Central America. Almost 600,000 blacks people, according to the CIA fact book (2011) and can be found in the southeastern coast, the mosquito coast, in Bluefields. In the 1990 Nicaraguan national census put them at 25,000 or 1% of the population. They can also be found in Managua. Creoles are from the Anglo-Caribbean and speak a tongue similar to Jamaican patois. Nicaragua also has a Garifuna population.[1][2]
History
The first slaves arrived in Nicaragua came as servants of the conquerors and of civil and religious officials to early of 16th century. Thus, the first African slaves arrived in Nicaragua was led by theGil González Dávila´s conqueror, who had bought it to Pedrarias Dávila´s colonial administrator for 300 pesos in Panama. From there they went to the newly founded Nicaragua with eleven slaves. This first slaves were already baptized before of his arrived to Nicaragua. In 1531, the council of Leon, requested to King of Spain the authorization to extract thousand slaves, tax free, to give to the neighbors. And the council of Granada, Spain - in November 24, 1544 - asked the same authorization to import fifty in the opening of the "rapids of the drain". Also, the descendants of conquerors, who could no longer enslave the Indians or exported following the New Laws of 1542, required of workers in their newly formed haciendas. So, from 1558, Bishop Lazaro Carrasco, meeting with the Amerindians "almost all consumed" and less than a hundred Spanish neighbors without enough real entries, asked the King license to introduce six hundred slaves, they would remedy the situation, i.e., could produced the earth.
The number of the first black slaves imported must have been considerable, perhaps thousands. Because most Spanish who emigrated to America were men, the interbreeding between Spanish with indigenous and black slaves were numerous. So, as early as the 18th century, already most slaves were mulattoes. According to colonial documents, slaves came from ethnic groups such as arara (African language group mainly of the Ewe and Fon ethnic groups from Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria),[3] Ashanti(of Ghana), Yoruba (originally from Nigeria),[4] "angola", conga, "mina" and "Mandinga". The proportion of men and women slaves were very similar.
Miscegenation caused a large release of slaves. Thus emerged middle classes formed by Zambo, mulatto and Quadroon - those with a quarter black blood - and other mixtures, so that in 1820 they made up 84 percent of the population.
But many of them were kept as slaves, probably hundreds. Thus, during the first half of the 17th century, many slaves were used in the indigo mills. Since the 17th century, several groups of slaves rebelled against his owners and migrated to other places and settled in small clandestine colonies, free from Spanish rule. Therefore, these slaves, the "Cimarrons" were affected by several royal orders issued against them. One of them agreed to raise an army against those colonies and return slaves to their owners. This law was fulfilled in Nicaragua.[3]
However, the Spanish were not the unique people in imported slaves to Nicaragua. The English, who residents on the coast of Nicaragua since 1633, also imported groups of slaves since the late 17th century, when the British began cultivating sugar cane and indigo around Bluefields and on the banks of the Rio Coco, to devote to this work.[5] The slaves were also used for cotton plantations and especially for cutting mahogany.[6] Like in the case of the Slaves imported by the Spanish, the African slaves of the English were mixed with the Miskito, Sumu and Rama indigenous of the area.[5]
Most of “caseros” (derived of Spanish "Casa" -house- i.e., man assigned to domestic service in the homes of Creoles and Spaniards) black and mulatto slaves also performed agricultural and cattle, but were not the main operating system. Finally, following independence, slavery was abolished by the decree of the Constituent Assembly of April 17, 1824.[3]
However, to early 19th century arrived slaves from Jamaica to the Nicaraguan Caribbean coasts, when the region was a British protectorate. They be become in "Black creoles". More late, in 1832, some groups of Garifuna people came to the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua from Honduras for fighting for his land, be recognized as ethnic and preserve their cultural identity. However, the Garifunas were met with fierce opposition from the Miskito people, as indigenous of this territories, and of the Black Creole, who forced to them to accept English as the language for business transactions and a half for insertion and recognition in society.[7]
Communities
Most slaves imported by the Spanish to Nicaragua were mixed with they during the colonial era and their mulattoes and Quadroon descendants also re-mixed with the majority indigenous, mestizo and white. For this reason, today, the descendants of black slaves imported by the Spanish in Nicaragua are mostly white people or Amerindian with some black ancestor. So, most Black Nicaraguans are descended from slaves imported by the British and of the West Indian immigrants arrived on the shores of the country since the 17th century. Most Afro-Nicaraguan resides on the Caribbean coast of Nicaraguan, which is also the vast and sparsely populated region, that had the British occupation from 1635 to 1860. The Afro-Nicaraguans are fundamentally divided into three groups, also present in Honduras: Creoles (majority group), Garifuna and Indigenous zambos. The Afro-Nicaraguan population is descended from slaves exported from places as Panama, Nigeria, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Jamaica.
Indigenous zambos
These are indigenous groups formed by the mixture of African descent and the Sumo, Rama and Miskitos indigenous ethnic groups. Their African ancestors were slaves exported to the country by the English residents on the coast of Nicaragua, where they lived since 1633. Since the late 17th century, when the British began cultivating sugar cane and indigo around Bluefields and on the banks of the Rio Coco, there were imported the first African slaves to devote to this work.[5] The slaves were also used for cotton plantations and especially for cutting mahogany.[6] The arrival of African slaves to the area facilitated the race mixtures between this group and the natives of the place, the aforementioned Miskito, Sumu and Rama.[5] Thus, Sumo and Rama are zambos. While the Miskito are a mixture of bawinkas Amerindians, Africans, zambos (sumos “tawahkas”), and European.[4]
Creoles
They are mostly descendants of former slaves from Jamaica, who arrived in the region to early 19th century, when the region was a British protectorate and retained a rich indigenous culture. That is, are Creoles. The Nicaraguan Creole received from the English, their language, their religion and customs. Of old, the coastal rebutted the inability of the rest of Nicaraguans (Pacific) to understand their cultural identity, and although desde 1987 the Caribbean has a different territorial system (RAAN and RAAS), many sectors still consider themselves neglected by the central state and not yet given a move back legal, political, economic, religious and cultural life of the Caribbean Coast to the rest of Nicaragua.[7]
Garifuna
They live in the country's coasts. They are a mixture of Carib Amerindians and Afro-Caribbeans of the Saint Vicente island (unlike the Creoles), from where they were exported to the island of Roatan, Honduras, because rebelled them against the English domain of the island. From there, they migrated to the Honduran coast, from where they spread to the rest of the Central American coast to Costa Rica.
The Garifuna came to the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua in 1832 with the same objectives that motivated since its installation in the continental America (after the wreck of the slave ship in 1636 near the island of St. Vincent in the Lesser Antilles): fighting for his land, be recognized as ethnic and preserve their cultural identity. However, the Garifuna were met with fierce opposition from the Miskito, as indigenous of this territories, and of Black Creole, who forced to them to accept English as the language for business transactions and a half for insertion and recognition in society, according to research on ethnicity in the Caribbean Nicaraguan, of Silvio Araica Aguilar and Cleopatra Morales (May, 2000). The authors report that "the major contradictions between Creole and Garifuna, despite having the same ancestors African origin lies in the genealogy of its ethnic composition and thus the result of cultural syncretism" (May, 2000). According to the Human Development Report of the United Nations to Central America in 2003, in Nicaragua would 2000 garífunas.[7]
Nicaraguan coasts: a distinct region
The African slaves arrives to Nicaraguan Coast during the British commercial and political domain of the Nicaraguan coast (1633-1860), many of which were exported by the British themselves (except the Creoles). In 1860 Great Britain and the United States sign a treaty, because international negotiations between the two countries developed. So, from 1894, England, abandons gradually the Caribbean coast, delivering in 1905, the territory to American companies, occupying the latter will last until 1930. After British withdrawal, on the Caribbean coast, it remains for 44 years as an autonomous region of Nicaragua, having its own laws and regulations until 1894, when President José Santos Zelaya said the reintegration of Moskitia to Nicaragua, developing monopolies for mestizos in the area and to U.S. interests, as well as replacing the name of the Mosquito Coast by the Department of Zelaya. Beyond this, the government encouraged a massive immigration of Nicaraguan mestizos, especially those engaged in military affairs, commercial, speculative and entrepreneurs. Immigrants and Nicaraguan government officials evicted from their lands to the indigenous Amerindians and Afro-descendants living in them and imposed heavy fines on the natives of the coast. In addition, the government abolished the laws of the region and built the Nicaraguan government institutions and structures, forming schools, police, government etc. This imposition of that such institutions were built, was made through the use of force. The most important result was the prohibition of education in English and their own languages, only languages spoken by the population - indigenous population, Garifuna and Afro descendants- of this Nicaraguan area. It caused an abandonment of schools and colleges of the coast for generations. Anyway, the Nicaraguan coast always remained economically dominated by American companies until the 1930s when U.S. companies were gradually replaced by capital of Somoza family and its allies until 1979 with the triumph of the Sandinista Revolution. In 1987 the Caribbean Coast achieved independence from the government. However, the government feared losing control of the coast so he decides to divide the territory first two autonomous regions: South Atlantic Autonomous Region and North Atlantic Autonomous Region and subsequently in ethnic groups, causing internal conflicts that still remain [6]
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