BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY Germans Sent Brown Babies To America
And the British government did the same thing.
And the British government did the same thing.
A documentary about the mixed-race children of Black American Soldiers and German women has won the best documentary award at the Film Life's 15th annual American Black Film Festival (ABFF).
The documentary features some of the many mixed-race children, now adults who were the product of post-World War II love affairs and were shipped out of Germany by the thousands in the wake of racial intolerance.
These children who were separated from their parents and put up for adoption by black families in the U.S. after American military officials heard of the pregnancies.
Relationships between black American soldiers and German women, while frowned upon, were not legally forbidden, whereas any public interaction between black men and white women in the U.S. was outlawed at the time. Of the approximate 95,000 children born from relationships between U.S. soldiers and European women during the occupation, 5,000 were considered to be brown babies.
Thousands were adopted by American families while some remained in Germany, with the dispersion leaving holes in the personal histories of the children.
The documentary entitled The Mischlingskinder Story, which translates into English as half caste children tells of the pain and feelings of isolation many of these mixed-race individuals have had to endure.
Henriette Cain, 59, one of the children sent to America was raised in Rockford, Illinois. Since she started investigating her past, she has found her biological sister who lived in Germany, traced her mother who married a white U.S. soldier and now lives in Virginia, and located her father though he had died before they could connect.
'People's mothers are passing away, their fathers are passing away, and people are starting to wonder who they are,' said Ms Cain.
Regina Griffen, the journalist who created the documentary said, 'There were a lot of people who were caught between two countries, two warring nations. And we allowed those children to be abandoned, and people should know that.'
But Germany wasn't the only nation that sent away mixed-race children. Both Korean and Vietnamese mixed-race children were sent to the US and closer to home the British government also sent thousands of illegitimate mixed-race children fathered by American GIs who were given up by their British mothers and shipped across the Atlantic.
The issue of how to deal with the unwanted offspring of the illicit affairs divided the country towards the end of the Second World War and exposed the racial prejudices of the time.
It was considered so serious that there were dire warnings it could harm Anglo-American relations and the Government was urged to treat the children as 'war casualties'.
The problem began to emerge in 1944, when increasing numbers of US servicemen were stationed around Britain. Many of the women they fathered children with were wives of British soldiers fighting abroad. Released documents suggest that where the baby was white it was often possible for husband and wife to be reconciled and keep the child. However, this was rarely possible when the child was mixed race.
At a conference on the matter in December 1944 John Carter, of the League of Coloured Peoples, said: 'In several cases they are married women whose husbands are in the army, usually overseas, and they usually get letters from their husbands saying 'Well, I am very sorry to hear about it. If you can get the child adopted everything will be all right.'
'Then there is the unmarried mother who would have prospects of marriage if she could get rid of the child and I think the question is whether or not a Home ought to be provided for these children in some part of the country.'
Some wanted the children raised in homes alongside white children, a few said they should be brought up with other black children to avoid racism, and many called on them to be sent to America to be nearer their fathers.
Speaking at the same conference a Miss Steel, general secretary of the Church of England Moral Welfare Council, said: 'The suggestion that they should be shipped back to America is terribly cruel, even if it were possible. Their mothers are the people to whom they are linked most closely, and it would add to their sense of being unwanted, not only that their mothers had given them up but the country where they were born had given them up too.'
Miss Steel said the war babies should be given places in local authority and voluntary sector homes to solve the problem of finding foster parents.
'In rural areas and small towns…(social) workers found it difficult enough to find foster mothers for any children, and impossible to find for the coloured child…I know of an evacuated family where the father was a coloured man and every visitor to that village was shown the child as an object of local interest.'
Files on the matter, released in 2008 by the Public Records Office in Kew, include a letter from a Miss O. Clarke to her MP suggesting the babies be placed in West Indies mission schools. However, a Whitehall official wrote to the MP in July 1944: 'The proposed solution is high handed and - if confined to coloured illegitimates - has a Herrenrasse (master race) flavour not now popular.' By the end of the war pressure was mounting on the Government to take action.
In letters to the Ministry of Health in December 1945 and March 1946 Harold Moody, founder of the League of Coloured Peoples, said Britain and the US must treat each baby as a 'war casualty' and warned: 'Our anxiety is to forestall a social problem which might not only affect the life of this country but which might also affect Anglo-American relations.'
In response Aneurin Bevan, health minister, said his policy was to encourage mothers to keep their children, or failing that to tackle the shortage of places in homes.
The Home Office, however, differed and one official wrote: 'Provided it is clear that the mother does not want the child and there is a reasonably satisfactory home in the US the child will have a far better chance if sent at an early age to the US than if it brought up in this country.'
These children who were separated from their parents and put up for adoption by black families in the U.S. after American military officials heard of the pregnancies.
Relationships between black American soldiers and German women, while frowned upon, were not legally forbidden, whereas any public interaction between black men and white women in the U.S. was outlawed at the time. Of the approximate 95,000 children born from relationships between U.S. soldiers and European women during the occupation, 5,000 were considered to be brown babies.
Thousands were adopted by American families while some remained in Germany, with the dispersion leaving holes in the personal histories of the children.
The documentary entitled The Mischlingskinder Story, which translates into English as half caste children tells of the pain and feelings of isolation many of these mixed-race individuals have had to endure.
Henriette Cain, 59, one of the children sent to America was raised in Rockford, Illinois. Since she started investigating her past, she has found her biological sister who lived in Germany, traced her mother who married a white U.S. soldier and now lives in Virginia, and located her father though he had died before they could connect.
'People's mothers are passing away, their fathers are passing away, and people are starting to wonder who they are,' said Ms Cain.
Regina Griffen, the journalist who created the documentary said, 'There were a lot of people who were caught between two countries, two warring nations. And we allowed those children to be abandoned, and people should know that.'
But Germany wasn't the only nation that sent away mixed-race children. Both Korean and Vietnamese mixed-race children were sent to the US and closer to home the British government also sent thousands of illegitimate mixed-race children fathered by American GIs who were given up by their British mothers and shipped across the Atlantic.
The issue of how to deal with the unwanted offspring of the illicit affairs divided the country towards the end of the Second World War and exposed the racial prejudices of the time.
It was considered so serious that there were dire warnings it could harm Anglo-American relations and the Government was urged to treat the children as 'war casualties'.
The problem began to emerge in 1944, when increasing numbers of US servicemen were stationed around Britain. Many of the women they fathered children with were wives of British soldiers fighting abroad. Released documents suggest that where the baby was white it was often possible for husband and wife to be reconciled and keep the child. However, this was rarely possible when the child was mixed race.
At a conference on the matter in December 1944 John Carter, of the League of Coloured Peoples, said: 'In several cases they are married women whose husbands are in the army, usually overseas, and they usually get letters from their husbands saying 'Well, I am very sorry to hear about it. If you can get the child adopted everything will be all right.'
'Then there is the unmarried mother who would have prospects of marriage if she could get rid of the child and I think the question is whether or not a Home ought to be provided for these children in some part of the country.'
Some wanted the children raised in homes alongside white children, a few said they should be brought up with other black children to avoid racism, and many called on them to be sent to America to be nearer their fathers.
Speaking at the same conference a Miss Steel, general secretary of the Church of England Moral Welfare Council, said: 'The suggestion that they should be shipped back to America is terribly cruel, even if it were possible. Their mothers are the people to whom they are linked most closely, and it would add to their sense of being unwanted, not only that their mothers had given them up but the country where they were born had given them up too.'
Miss Steel said the war babies should be given places in local authority and voluntary sector homes to solve the problem of finding foster parents.
'In rural areas and small towns…(social) workers found it difficult enough to find foster mothers for any children, and impossible to find for the coloured child…I know of an evacuated family where the father was a coloured man and every visitor to that village was shown the child as an object of local interest.'
Files on the matter, released in 2008 by the Public Records Office in Kew, include a letter from a Miss O. Clarke to her MP suggesting the babies be placed in West Indies mission schools. However, a Whitehall official wrote to the MP in July 1944: 'The proposed solution is high handed and - if confined to coloured illegitimates - has a Herrenrasse (master race) flavour not now popular.' By the end of the war pressure was mounting on the Government to take action.
In letters to the Ministry of Health in December 1945 and March 1946 Harold Moody, founder of the League of Coloured Peoples, said Britain and the US must treat each baby as a 'war casualty' and warned: 'Our anxiety is to forestall a social problem which might not only affect the life of this country but which might also affect Anglo-American relations.'
In response Aneurin Bevan, health minister, said his policy was to encourage mothers to keep their children, or failing that to tackle the shortage of places in homes.
The Home Office, however, differed and one official wrote: 'Provided it is clear that the mother does not want the child and there is a reasonably satisfactory home in the US the child will have a far better chance if sent at an early age to the US than if it brought up in this country.'
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