BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY : AFRICAN AMERICAN " LEE ANDREW ARCHER Jr " WAS A BLACK FIGHTER PILOT IN THE AFRICAN AMERICAN UNIT WHICH BECAME KNOWN AS THE TUSKEEGE AIRMEN : GOES INTO THE "" HALL OF BLACK HEROES "

BLACK              SOCIAL          HISTORY                                                                                                                                        Lee Archer (pilot)

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Lee Andrew Archer, Jr.
Lee Archer during World War II
Nickname(s)	Buddy
Born	September 6, 1919[1] Yonkers, New York, United States
Died	January 27, 2010 (aged 90)[2] Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
Allegiance	United States
Service/branch	United States Army Air Corps
Years of service	1941–1970
Rank	Lieutenant Colonel
Unit	302nd Fighter Squadron Tuskegee Airmen
Battles/wars	World War II Korean War
Awards	Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Distinguished Flying Cross Air Medal (18 clusters) Distinguished Unit Citation Congressional Gold Medal

Lee Andrew Archer, Jr. (September 6, 1919 – January 27, 2010) was a black U.S. fighter pilot in the African-American unit which became known as the Tuskegee Airmen. He was one of the first African-American military aviators in the United States Army Air Corps, the U.S. Army Air Forces and later the U.S. Air Force, eventually earning the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

During World War II, Archer flew 169 combat missions, including bomber escort, reconnaissance and ground attack, and is officially credited with five enemy fighter aircraft shot down.^[3]

Early life

Born in Yonkers, New York, Archer grew up in New York's Harlem district, later attending New York University. Upon graduation, he joined the Army in the hopes of becoming a pilot. At that time, the Army did not accept black pilots, so Archer was posted to a communications job as a telegrapher and field network-communications specialist in Georgia.^[4] When the Army's policy changed, he was accepted to the training program for black aviators at Tuskegee Army Airfield in Alabama, graduating first in his class,^[5][6] and one of only 994 black wartime pilots to graduate there. He was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant on July 28, 1943.^[7]

World War II

A restored P-51C Mustang in Lee Archer's markings, is now flown by Red Tail Project.^{[N 1]}

Archer is considered by some as the first and—as of 2010—only black U.S. pilot to earn an "ace" designation, for shooting down at least five enemy aircraft.^[9][10] Documents show that Archer claimed to have shot down four enemy aircraft during World War II, and he earned full credit for all his four claims. Archer was acknowledged to have shot down four planes, and he and another pilot both claimed victory for shooting down a fifth aircraft. An investigation revealed Archer had inflicted the damage that destroyed the aircraft, and the Air Force eventually proclaimed him an ace pilot.^[10] He also destroyed six aircraft on the ground during a strafing mission in August 1944, as well as several locomotives, motor transports and barges.^[6][10]

While flying with the 302nd Fighter Squadron, as a combat pilot, nicknamed "Buddy", Archer flew 169 combat missions in the European Theatre of World War II, flying the Bell P-39 Airacobra, Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and North American P-51 Mustang fighter aircraft.^{[N 2][11]}Flying a P-51C fighter with the distinctive red tail of the 332nd Fighter Group, known collectively as the "Tuskegee Airmen", he scored his first victory, a Messerschmitt Bf 109 on July 18, 1944 over Memmingen, Germany.^{[N 3][7]}

Archer is best remembered for his exploits of October 12, 1944.^[13] In the midst of a furious series of dogfights over German-occupied Hungary, he shot down three Hungarian Bf 109s over Lake Balaton, Hungary, in engagements that spanned only 10 minutes.^[7]

The claim that Lee Archer scored, in addition to his awarded victory on July 18, 1944, an additional victory or half a victory that day is disputed by US Air Force historian Daniel L. Haulman. Archer claimed and was awarded a credit on July 18, 1944, according to the group history and Fifteenth Air Force mission reports, and did not share an additional victory with anyone else. In fact, Freddie Hutchins, with whom he is sometimes said to have shared the credit, did not earn an aerial victory credit or a half aerial victory on July 18, 1944. No other pilot in Archer's squadron or group earned a half credit that day. The July 1944 history of the 332nd Fighter Group lists all claims for the month, and Archer is listed with one, on July 18, 1944, and he received credit for that claim. His next three victories occurred on a single mission in October 1944 and for each of those claims he was awarded a whole credit, making his World War II total: four. Two other Tuskegee Airmen also shot down a total of four aircraft during World War II, one of whom recorded his fourth in July 1944 and was not rotated back to the United States until December.^[12]

Frank Olynyk, an historian for the American Fighter Aces Association,^[14] also acknowledged that while the organization named Archer as an honorary ace, he not named an official ace due to the fact that he was unable to produce any record confirming he shot down five planes.^[15] However, Olynyk also acknowledged that Archer's official World War II combat record was stolen from his car shortly after he returned home when the war ended.^[15]

When Archer returned home in 1945, a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, he found that nothing seemed to have changed in American society. "I flew 169 combat missions when most pilots were flying 50," Archer told the Chicago Tribune in 2004. "When I came back to the U.S. and down that gangplank, there was a sign at the bottom: ′Colored Troops to the Right, White Troops to the Left′."^[5]

Archer remained in the armed forces for a career as the U.S. Army Air Forces transitioned into the present day U.S. Air Force in 1947. He later flew missions during the Korean War,^[7] became a diplomatic officer at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) and then became the headquarters chief of the U.S. Air Force Southern Command inPanama,^[16] eventually retiring as a lieutenant colonel in 1970.^[10]

Later career

Archer speaking at the San Diego Aerospace Museum, September 2003.

Television personality Bill Cosby(right) eulogized Archer at a Riverside Church memorial service on February 4, 2010.

After retiring from the military, Archer joined General Foods Corporation in White Plains, N.Y. where he became one of the first black corporate vice presidents of a major U.S. company. While there he also led its small-business investment subsidiary, North Street Capital Corporation, which serviced clients such as Essence Communications and Black Enterprise Magazine. In 1987 he helped establish the food conglomerate TLC Beatrice and in the same year founded the venture capital firm Archer Asset Management.^[17] Archer became a longtime resident of New Rochelle, New York.

In October 2005, Archer and two fellow Tuskegee veterans, retired Technical Sergeant George Watson Sr. and Master Sergeant James A. Shepherd, visited Balad Air Base at Balad, Iraq, to meet with 700 servicemen from the 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing, the successor unit to his all-black outfit.

"This is the new Air Force," he told The Associated Press. In the dining room, he said, he saw "black, white, Asian, Pacific Islanders, people from different parts of Europe. This," he said, "is what America is."^[18]

Illness and death

In April 2009, Archer was selected to be an adviser for the George Lucas produced film, Red Tails.^[19] Archer, aged 90, died at Cornell University Medical Center in New York City on January 27, 2010, as a result of coronary complications, according to his son Roy Archer.^[4][10] His death came during the post-production work on the Lucas film Red Tails, and the film's final credits subsequently bore a tribute to the pilot.^[19] At a memorial service for Archer held at the Riverside Church on February 4, entertainer and commentator Bill Cosbygave a eulogy.^[20]

Archer was predeceased by his wife, Ina Burdell, who died in 1996 and was survived by his three sons, one daughter and four granddaughters.^[5][17] He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.^[20]

Awards and tributes

• Lieutenant Colonel Archer was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal with 18 Clusters, the Distinguished Unit Citationand many other unit and service awards.
• Archer earned special citations for his work from Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.^[16]
• Archer and his fellow Tuskegee airmen were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2007.^[21]
• Archer was an Honoree of the American Fighter Aces Association.^[22]
• Aviation warplane collector and pilot Kermit Weeks restored and flew a P-51 fighter painted in tribute to Archer, in the colorful markings of Archer's "Ina the Macon Belle", originally dedicated to his wife, Ina Burdell.^[7]
• A youth flight training program was established in honor of Lee A. Archer Jr. by Glendon Fraser,  operates out of Newburgh, New York and accepts high school students from the Orange County, New York area.