BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY François C. Antoine Simon

Antoine Simon

20th President of Haiti
In office December 6, 1908 – August 3, 1911
Preceded by	Pierre Nord Alexis
Succeeded by	Cincinnatus Leconte
Personal details
Born	October 10, 1843 Les Cayes, Haiti
Died	March 10, 1923 (aged 79) Les Cayes, Haiti
Nationality	Haitian
Spouse(s)	Uranie Adélaïde Mentor
Profession	Military (divisional general)

François C. Antoine Simon (aka Antoine Simon) (1843–1923) was President of Haiti from 6 December 1908 to 3 August 1911.^[1] He led a rebellion against Pierre Nord Alexis and succeeded him as president.^[2]

Biography

Francois C. Antoine Simon was born on 10 October 1843 in Les Cayes, Haiti, and died either on 10 January or 10 March 1923 in Les Cayes. He was originally from the town of Savane near Les Cayes and initially worked as a municipal police officer before joining the army as an officer.

In 1883 he was appointed commander of the troops in the Sud Department, a post he held until 1908. During his military career, he was promoted to colonel in 1887. Between 1896 and 1902, we was aide-de-camp of the President Tirésias Simon Sam and was later promoted to general. It was as a general that he led a military revolt against President Pierre Nord Alexis.

Presidency 1908–1911

On 6 December 1908, he was appointed successor to President Alexis.^[3]^[4] Although he had little formal education himself, he assembled an advisory group consisting of influential men. On 19 December 1908 he announced his six-member cabinet and took the oath of office before Senator Paulin.^[5]^[6]

One of his first policy decisions was to pursue an appeasement policy allowing exiled Haitians to return. This set the stage for some stability during the early years of his mandate. President Simon strove constantly to improve agricultural production. He also had the intention of building a nationwide railway network. To accomplish this required several contracts with American companies, including the so-called "MacDonald Contract" – a contract to build a railway line between Port-au-Prince and Cap-Haïtien. Embedded in these negotiations was the cultivation and export of sugar and bananas by the Haitian American Sugar Company. However, these contracts were poorly prepared, leading to criticism from intellectuals and politicians alike. On the other hand, the contracts led directly to the paving of streets and electrification of Port-au-Prince. As a result of the modern roads, there was an increase in the presence of cars in Haiti.

To satisfy American banana plantations, Haitian companies were taxed, resulting in unrest by small landowners who ultimately paid the price. Small farmers in the north (Cacos) then began to revolt in June 1911. General Cincinnatus Leconte, a former Minster of Public Works and Agriculture under Simon Sam, took advantage of the situation to lead a coup d'étatagainst Simon.

Leconte's initial campaign failed, but a subsequent attempt in August 1911 succeeded in the capture of Port-au-Prince. Simon was ousted from power by supporters of Cincinnatus Leconte, who was his successor as President.^[7] Simon went into exile^[8] for several years, but returned to Haiti where he died in Les Cayes.

Family

His ancestors are Pierre Baptiste Simon, Toussaint Louverture, President Simon's daughter Celestina was a voodoo priestess, a son named Charite Simon and grandchildren Romane Simon, James Simon, Esther Simon, Sylvie Simon, Emmanuella Simon.^{[citation needed]}