BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY : AFRICAN AMERICAN " MARK CLARK " BLACK PANTHER MEMBER WHO WAS KILLED WITH FRED HAMPTON DURING CHICAGO POLICE PREDAWN RAID ON DECEMBER 4 1969 : GOES INTO THE " HALL OF BLACK HEROES "

 BLACK             SOCIAL              HISTORY                                                                                                  

Mark Clark (Black Panther)

BLACK             SOCIAL          HISTORY

Mark Clark
Born	June 28, 1947 Peoria, Illinois, U.S.
Died	December 4, 1969 (aged 22) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Ethnicity	African-American
Citizenship	United States
Alma mater	Peoria High School
Occupation	Activist
Years active	1966–69
Political party	Black Panther Party

Mark Clark (June 28, 1947 – December 4, 1969) was an American activist and member of the Black Panther Party. He was killed with Fred Hampton during a Chicago police predawn raid on December 4, 1969.

Youth

Clark was born on June 28, 1947, in Peoria, Illinois, to Elder William Clark and Fannie Bardley Clark. He became active in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) at an early age and joined in demonstrating against discrimination in employment, housing and education.^[1] According to John Gwynn, former President of state and local chapters of the NAACP, Clark and his brothers played a vigorous role in helping keep other teenagers in line. "He could call for order when older persons or adults could not," Gwynn said of Clark in a December 1969 interview with the Chicago Tribune.^[2] In that same Chicago Tribune article, family members are quoted as saying Clark enjoyed reading and art, and was good at drawing portraits. He attended Manual High School and Illinois Central Junior College in Peoria.^[2]

The Black Panther Party

After reading their literature and the Ten Point Program, Clark joined the Black Panther Party and later decided to organize a local Peoria, Illinois, chapter. He went from church to church in an effort to find a building to house a free breakfast program. He was eventually successful when Pastor Blaine Ramsey agreed to allow a free breakfast program. Church members later voted against continuing the breakfast program because of concerns of government monitoring of the Black Panther Party.

Death

Some family members and friends say Mark Clark knew he would be murdered in Chicago.^[2] In the pre-dawn hours of December 4, 1969, Chicago Police stormed into the apartment of BPP State Chairman Fred Hampton at 2337 W. Monroe Street, killing both Mark Clark (age 22^[3]) and Fred Hampton (age 21^[3]), and causing serious bodily harm to Verlina Brewer, Ronald "Doc" Satchel, Blair Anderson, and Brenda Harris.

Hampton and Deborah Johnson, who was eight-and-a-half months pregnant with their child, were sleeping in the south bedroom. Satchel, Anderson, and Brewer were asleep in the north bedroom. Harris and Louis Truelock were sleeping on a bed by the south wall of the living room, and Harold Bell slept on a mattress on the floor in the middle of the room. Clark, sitting in the front room of the apartment with a shotgun in his lap, was on security duty.^[4]

The first shot hit Clark in the heart. He died instantly, and his gun went off as he fell, according to Harris, who watched from the bed in the corner.^[4]

The single round was later determined to be caused by a reflexive death convulsion after the raiding team shot him; this was the only shot the Panthers fired.^[5][6] A federal grand jury determined that the police fired between 82 and 99 shots while most of the occupants lay sleeping. Only one shot was proven to have come from a Panther gun.^[4]

Weather Underground reaction

In response to the death of Black Panther members Fred Hampton and Mark Clark during the December 1969 police raid, on May 21, 1970, the Weather Underground issued a "Declaration of War" against the United States government, using for the first time its new name, the "Weather Underground Organization" (WUO), adopting fake identities, and pursuing covert activities only. These initially included preparations for a bombing of a U.S. military non-commissioned officers' dance at Fort Dix, New Jersey, in what Brian Flanagan said had been intended to be "the most horrific hit the United States government had ever suffered on its territory".^[7]

We've known that our job is to lead white kids into armed revolution. We never intended to spend the next five to twenty-five years of our lives in jail. Ever since SDS became revolutionary, we've been trying to show how it is possible to overcome frustration and impotence that comes from trying to reform this system. Kids know the lines are drawn: revolution is touching all of our lives. Tens of thousands have learned that protest and marches don't do it. Revolutionary violence is the only way.

—Bernardine Dohrn^[8]

Although two months earlier, Hampton had criticized the predominately white Weather Underground (also known as the Weathermen) for being "adventuristic, masochistic and Custeristic",^[9] Bernardine Dohrn of the Weathermen, which had a close relationship with the Black Panthers in Chicago at the time of Hampton's assassination, said in the documentary The Weather Underground (2002) that the killing of Fred Hampton caused them to "be more grave, more serious, more determined to raise the stakes, and not just be the white people who wrung their hands when black people were being murdered."^[10]