BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY
Henry Winston
Henry Winston | |
---|---|
Henry Winston speaks in East-Berlin, 1963 | |
Chairman of the National Committee of the Communist Party USA | |
In office 1966 – 13 December 1986 | |
Preceded by | Elizabeth Gurley Flynn |
Henry M. Winston (2 April 1911[1] – 13 December 1986) was an African-American political leader and Marxist civil rights activist.
Winston, committed to equal rights and communism, was an advocate of civil rights for African Americans decades before the idea of racial equality emerged as a mainstream current of American political thought.
An early member of the American Communist Party, Winston was elected to the party's National Board in 1936, serving as Chairman of the CPUSA from 1966 to 1986.
Biography
Early life
Born on 2 April 1911 to Joseph and Lucille Winston in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Henry grew up there and in Kansas City, Missouri.[2] The economic situation of the poor Winston family was troubling enough to force Henry to leave high school early. Though once again unemployed after the start of the Great Depression, Winston's organizational skills and intellect came to the fore when he took a position with the Kansas City Unemployed Council at 19.[2]
By 1936, Winston was serving the Communist Party USA as both the national organizational secretary of the Young Communist League and a member of the Communist Party National Board.
As a high-ranking member of the Communist Party organization, Winston encouraged members of the party to sign up for military service to fight Fascism and Nazism in theSecond World War. Winston himself served in the Army, participating in the liberation of France from Nazi occupation. He marked the war's end with an honorable discharge from the military.[2]
The Red Scare
Back to political activity after his World War II discharge and the reorganization of the Party in 1946, Winston, along with the rest of the CPUSA leadership, was a victim of an earlyCold War attempt by the American government to "decapitate" the Communists' leading ranks. In 1948, Winston, together with other notable leaders within the Communist movement, was brought to trial in the Foley Square trial on charges of violating the Smith Act for encouraging the overthrowing of the American government.
Unable to produce evidence that any of the leading party members had actually called for the armed overthrow of the American government, the prosecution, boosted by the American public's antipathy toward radical activists during the opening years of the Cold War, based its case on selective interpretation of quotations from the works of Karl Marx,Vladimir Lenin and other revolutionary figures of Marxism-Leninism. They also relied on the testimony of "witnesses" hired by the FBI.[3] During the course of the trial the judge held several of the defendants and all of their counsel in contempt of court.
Convicted of revolutionary insurrection alongside the rest of the defendants for advocating the ideas of Marxism, Winston escaped while on bail. In disguise, traveling around the country under a false name, Winston was sheltered by people sympathetic to Marxism and leftist political work. Undeterred from maintaining his links with the party above-ground, Winston continued his activities from within the party's underground organization: his 1951 pamphlet on party organization, "What it Means to be a Communist," was produced by the Communist Party while Winston was still underground.
Following his surrender to federal authorities years later, Winston served out his sentence in Terre Haute, Indiana, remaining imprisoned, despite severe health problems, until his release in 1961.[2]
Winston's state of health began to see a rapid deterioration throughout the late 1950s. By 1958, he began to suffer from headaches and dizzy spells; no adequate treatment was administered to him until 1960; by then, although a tumor was removed when he was transferred to a hospital New York, Winston was left permanently blind as a result of denied treatment.[2] Winston's release, now sought even by anti-communist preachers and liberal activists, was refused.[2]
Addressing President Kennedy in a 1961 debate, Comandante Fidel Castro, whose July 26 Revolution swept the Communists into power two years earlier, called for the release of Winston and other political prisoners.[4]
Against the backdrop of both waves of protests from various quarters of the United States in addition to criticism from across the world, the Kennedy administration allowed Winston executive clemency, following which he was permitted to seek medical attention in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The same year, the Supreme Court, in Noto v. United States (1961), put an end to the jailing of party leaders, having reversed a conviction under the membership clause because the evidence was insufficient to prove that the Party had engaged in unlawful advocacy:
The legal recognition of the illegitimacy of the federal government's basis for the imprisonment of party activists was now complete. Although the party was seriously damaged by the repressive moves, aggressive party activity was now again possible.
Later life
Winston was elected CPUSA Chairman in 1966, sharing the running of the party organization with Gus Hall, the General Secretary.[2]
In 1964, he spoke to students at the University of Washington, after radical activists staged protests against the university's ban on "communist speakers."[6]
The 1970s witnessed the publication of two books connecting the long-denied issue of African-American equality in America and the Communist philosophy of class struggle: Winston's Strategy for a Black Agenda (1973) and Class, Race, and Black Liberation (1977), which argued that the struggle for civil rights had reached the stage of fusion with the struggle for economic rights.
In a 1971 lecture to a seminar of Communist Party organizers he said:
A close ally of the South African Communist Party and actively involved in the American movement to end support for the United States' then-ally, apartheid South Africa, Winston proposed the following strategy as a backbone of principles for the U.S. sanctions and divestment movement against the apartheid regime:
As Chairman of the CPUSA, Winston condemned the Reagan administration's nuclear buildup, increases in military spending at the expense of social welfare programs, and sponsorships of civil wars against leftist forces in Nicaragua and El Salvador.
Winston died on December 13, 1986, aged 75, in the Soviet Union, where he had again returned in search of medical treatment.
Selected works
- Life Begins with Freedom, New York: New Age Publishers, 1937
- Character Building and Education in the Spirit of Socialism, New York: New Age Publishers, 1939 (A report to the ninth National Convention of the Young Communist League of the U.S.A., in New York, May 11 to 15, 1939)
- The Road to Liberation for the Negro People (with others), New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1939
- Old Jim Crow has got to go!, New York: New Age Publishers, 1941
- An open letter to all members of the Communist Party, New York: Communist Party, U.S.A. 1948
- What it Means to be a Communist, New Century Publishers, 1951
- Negro Liberation: a goal for all Americans (with Gus Hall, Claude Lightfoot and William L. Patterson), New York, New Currents Publishers 1964
- The Challenge of U.S. Neocolonialism, Prague: Peace and Socialism Publishers 1964; later published as New colonialism, U.S. style New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1965
- Negro-White Unity; key to full equality, Negro representation, economic advance of labor, black and white, New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1967
- Build the Communist Party, the party of the working class. Report to the 19th National Convention, Communist Party, U.S.A., April 30-May 4, 1969, New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1969
- Henry Winston meets Angela Davis, New York: Communist Party, U.S.A. 1970
- Black Americans and the Middle East Conflict, New York: New Outlook Publishers 1970
- The Crisis of the Black Panther Party, New York, published for the occasion of the 2nd Annual Convention of the National Association of Black Students by the Communist Party, U.S.A., 1971
- The Meaning of San Rafael, New York: New Outlook Publishers 1971
- Fight Racism - for unity and progress, New York: New Outlook Publishers 1971
- The Politics of People's Action; the Communist Party in the '72 elections, New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1972
- Black and White — One Class, One Fight: the role of white workers in the struggle against racism, New York: New Outlook Publishers 1972 (Report to the 20th National Convention of the Communist Party, United States of America, February 20, 1972)
- Africa's Struggle for Freedom, the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R., New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1972
- Strategy for a Black Agenda; a critique of new theories of liberation in the United States and Africa, New York: International Publishers, 1973
- A Marxist-Leninist critique of Roy Innis on community self-determination and Martin Kilson on education, New York: International Publishers 1973
- Class, Race, and Black Liberation, New York: International Publishers 1977
- Speech of Henry Winston, National Chairman, CPUSA: to the Central Committee/National Council Meeting May 29, 1983. New York: CPUSA, 1983.
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