BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY
Lawrence Chambers
| Lawrence (Larry) Cleveland Chambers | |
|---|---|
Admiral Larry Chambers (then Captain) directing operations aboard the USS Midway (CV-41) duringOperation Frequent Wind, 1975.
| |
| Born | June 10, 1929 Bedford, Virginia |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1948–1984 |
| Rank | Rear Admiral |
| Commands held | USS Midway (CV-41) USS Coral Sea (CV-43) Carrier Strike Group Three |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War |
| Awards | Bronze Star Vietnam Service Medal Meritorious Service Medal |
Lawrence (Larry) Cleveland Chambers (born June 10, 1929) was the first African American to command a U.S. Navyaircraft carrier and the first African American graduate of the Naval Academy to reach flag rank.[1] While in command of theUSS Midway (CV-41) during Operation Frequent Wind, Chambers gave the controversial order to push overboard millions of dollars worth of UH-1 Huey helicopters so South Vietnamese Air Force Major Buang-Ly could land on the aircraft carrier in aCessna O-1 Bird Dog with his wife and five children, thereby saving their lives.[2]
Born in Bedford, Virginia in 1929, Chambers was the third of five children[3] raised by his mother, Charlotte Chambers (including his brother Andrew, who later became a Lieutenant general in the U.S. Army).[4] After Chambers' father died, his mother began working in the War Department to support the family.
Chambers served in ROTC while attending Dunbar High School in (Washington, D.C. After graduating as class valedictorian and commander of the corps of cadets, Chambers considered using the ROTC program to also pay for college. However,Wesley A. Brown, the first African American graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, encouraged him to apply there.[4]Chambers did and became the second African American to graduate from the Academy on June 6, 1952.[2][3]
Chambers had mixed feelings about his time at the Naval Academy, not returning to visit for twenty years. He would later say, "While I had some good memories, I also had some tough memories."[5]
In 1954, after 18 months of flight training, Chambers became a naval aviator.[4]
From 1968 to 1971 Chambers flew combat missions over Vietnam from the USS Ranger and the USS Oriskany.[2] In 1972 he was promoted to captain and placed in command of the USS White Plains, a combat stores ship.
In January 1975, Chambers became the first African American to command an aircraft carrier, the USS Midway.[1] He served as commander until December 1976. After being promoted to admiral, Chambers later served as commander of Carrier Strike Group Three and later as interim commander of Carrier Strike Group Four. He finished his career as Vice Commander of the Naval Air Systems Command.
Operation Frequent Wind
In April 1975, while in command of the aircraft carrier USS Midway, Chambers was ordered to "make best speed" to the waters off South Vietnam as North Vietnam overran the country to take part in Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of U.S. and South Vietnamese personnel. At the time the carrier was in Subic Bay Naval Base with the engineering plant partially torn apart.
Chambers has stated that he received no official order to start the operation, which began on April 29. Instead, when Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, the Vice President of Vietnam, landed on the flight deck, Chambers figured the operation was going on.[6] Soon the carrier's flight deck was full of helicopters carrying refugees from the fall of South Vietnam.
On that same day, South Vietnamese Air Force Major Buang-Ly loaded his wife and five children into a two-seat Cessna O-1 Bird Dog and took off from Con Son Island. After evading enemy ground fire Major Buang headed out to sea and spotted the Midway. The Midway's crew attempted to contact the aircraft on emergency frequencies but the pilot continued to circle overhead with his landing lights turned on. When a spotter reported that there were at least four people in the two-place aircraft, all thoughts of forcing the pilot to ditch alongside were abandoned - it was unlikely the passengers of the overloaded Bird Dog could survive the ditching and safely escape before the plane sank. After three tries, Major Buang managed to drop a note from a low pass over the deck: "Can you move the helicopter to the other side, I can land on your runway, I can fly for one hour more, we have enough time to move. Please rescue me! Major Buang, wife and 5 child."
After consultation with the USS Midway Carrier Task Force CO, Admiral William L. Harris, Chambers issued the order to allow the plane to land on the Midway's flight deck.[6] The arresting wires were then removed, all helicopters that could not be safely or quickly relocated were pushed over the side and into the sea. To get the job done he called for volunteers, and soon every available seaman was on deck, regardless of rank or duty, to provide the manpower to get the job done. An estimated US$10 million worth of UH-1 Huey helicopters were pushed overboard into the South China Sea. With a 500-foot ceiling, five miles visibility, light rain, and 15 knots of surface wind, Chambers ordered the ship to make 25 knots into the wind. Warnings about the dangerous downdrafts created behind a steaming carrier were transmitted blind in both Vietnamese and English. To make matters worse, five additional UH-1s landed and cluttered up the deck. Without hesitation, Chambers ordered them scuttled as well. Captain Chambers recalled in an article in the Fall 1993 issue of the national Museum of Aviation History's "Foundation" magazine that
Major Buang was escorted to the bridge where Captain Chambers congratulated him on his outstanding airmanship and his bravery in risking everything on a gamble beyond the point of no return without knowing for certain a carrier would be where he needed it. The crew of the Midway was so impressed that they established a fund to help him and his family get settled in the United States.[7] The Bird Dog that Major Buang landed is now on display at the Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, FL.[8]
At the time, Chambers had only been in command of the USS Midway for four or five weeks and believed that his order would get himcourt martialed.[6] He also called Major Buang-Ly the "bravest man I have ever met in my life"[6] and said of his decision to allow Lee to land that "When a man has the courage to put his family in a plane and make a daring escape like that, you have to have the heart to let him in."[9]
Later life
After retiring from the Navy, Chambers became director of program development at System Development Corporation.[10] In 2010, Chambers took part in commemorations honoring Operation Frequent Wind.[9]
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