BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY
Yahya Jammeh
| Yahya Jammeh | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President of the Gambia | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 22 July 1994 | |
| Vice President | Isatou Njie-Saidy |
| Preceded by | Sir Dawda Jawara |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Yahya Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh 25 May 1965 Kanilai, Gambia |
| Political party | Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction |
| Spouse(s) | Zeinab Suma Alima Sallah (possibly divorced)[1][2] |
| Children | Mariam Muhammed |
| Alma mater | Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Gambia |
| Service/branch | Gambian National Army |
| Years of service | 1984–1996 |
| Rank | Colonel |
Yahya Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh (born 25 May 1965)[3] is the president of the Gambia. As a young army officer, he took power in a 1994 military coup.
Biography
President Jammeh received a secondary school education in Bwiam. Jammeh joined the Gambian National Army in 1984, was commissioned a Lieutenant in 1989, and in 1992 became commander of the Gambian Military Police.[4] He received extensive military training in neighboring Senegal and at United States Army School of the Americas.[citation needed]
Rise to power
On 22 July 1994, a group of young officers in the Gambian National Army seized power from President Sir Dawda Jawara in a military coup by taking control of key facilities in the capital city, Banjul.[5] The coup took place without bloodshed and met with very little resistance.[5] The group identified itself as the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC), with the 29 year old Jammeh as its chairman.[5]
The AFPRC then suspended the constitution, sealed the borders, and implemented a curfew. While Jammeh's new government justified the coup by decrying corruption and lack of democracy under the Jawara regime, army personnel had also been dissatisfied with their salaries, living conditions, and prospects for promotion.[5]
Elections
Jammeh founded the Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction as his political party. He was elected as president in September 1996.[6]Foreign observers did not deem these elections free and fair.[6] He was re-elected on 18 October 2001 with about 53% of the vote; this election was generally deemed free and fair by observers,[7] despite some very serious shortcomings ranging from overt government intimidation of voters to technical innovations (such as raising the required deposit to stand for election by a factor of 25) to distort the process in favour of the incumbent regime.[8]
A coup attempt against Jammeh was reported to have been thwarted on 21 March 2006; Jammeh, who was in Mauritania at the time, quickly returned home. Army chief of staff Col. Ndure Cham, the alleged leader of the plot,[9] reportedly fled to neighboring Senegal, while other alleged conspirators were arrested[10] and were put on trial for treason.[11] In April 2007, ten former officers accused of involvement were convicted and given prison sentences; four of them were sentenced to life in prison.[12]
Jammeh ran for a third term in the presidential election held on 22 September 2006; the election was initially planned for October but was moved forward because of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.[citation needed] He was re-elected with 67.3% of the vote and was declared the winner of the election; the opposition candidate Ousainou Darboe finished second, as in 2001.[13]
In November 2011, Jammeh was again re-elected as president for a fourth term in office, reportedly having received 72% of the popular vote.
Peacekeeping
Senegal peace talks
According to The Daily Observer, on 10 December 2012, Jammeh secured the release of Senegalese soldiers who had been held as hostages by rebels in Senegal.[14] He sent a delegation to meet with Senegalese President Mackey Sall in early December 2012. The delegation’s goal was to discuss a resolution to the ongoing civil unrest in Senegal’s southern region of Cassamance.[15] Members of the delegation included the Minister of Presidential Affairs, the U.S. Ambassador to the Gambia, and members from the Red Cross and Red Crescent.[15]
Jammeh Foundation for Peace
The Jammeh Foundation for Peace (JFP) was created by Jammeh to help eradicate poverty among Gambians, improve agricultural production, and sponsor educational opportunities for needy students. The foundation has a hospital that is sponsored by the president and provides medical services to the general public.[16]
Charitable giving
Donations in 2012 included $2,563,138 to the National Youths Conference and Festival (NAYCONF),[17] and “two truckloads of turkey” to the Gambia Christian Council for delivery to the Christian community.[18]
Views
Homosexuality
Further information: LGBT rights in the Gambia
On May 15, 2008, Jammeh announced that his government would introduce legislation that would set laws against homosexuals that would be "stricter than those in Iran", and that he would "cut off the head" of any gay or lesbian person discovered in the country.[19] News reports indicated his government intended to execute all homosexuals in the country.[19] In the speech given in Tallinding, Jammeh gave a "final ultimatum" to any gays or lesbians in the Gambia to leave the country.[19]
In a speech to the United Nations on September 27, 2013, Jammeh said that "[h]omosexuality in all its forms and manifestations which, though very evil, antihuman as well as anti-Allah, is being promoted as a human right by some powers," and that those who do so "want to put an end to human existence."[20]
On February 18, 2014, Jammeh called homosexuals "vermins" by saying that "We will fight these vermins called homosexuals or gays the same way we are fighting malaria-causing mosquitoes, if not more aggressively,". He also went on to disparage the LGBT by saying that "As far as I am concerned, LGBT can only stand for Leprosy, Gonorrhoea, Bacteria and Tuberculosis; all of which are detrimental to human existence".[21][22]
Claims of medical treatments and cures[edit]
In January 2007, Jammeh claimed he could cure HIV/AIDS and asthma with natural herbs.[23][24] His claimed treatment program includes instructing patients to cease taking their anti-retroviral drugs.[25][26] His claims have been criticized for promoting unscientific treatment that could have dangerous results, due to the belief that those discharged from his program cannot infect others.[23][24] In December 2011, he restated during an interview that the alleged cure for HIV/AIDS was "going very well".[27]
Fadzai Gwaradzimba, the country representative of the United Nations Development Programme in the Gambia, was told to leave the country after she expressed doubts about the claims and said the remedy might encourage risky behaviour.[28] In August 2007, Jammeh claimed to have developed a single dose herbal infusion that could treat high blood pressure.[29] Jammeh has also claimed to develop a treatment for infertility in women as part of what is called the President's Alternative Treatment Program (PATP).[30][31][32]
Historical claims
According to the Daily Observer newspaper, Jammeh claimed on 26 July 2010, that the Gambia had played an important role in the aviation industry, specifically, "that the first Atlantic flight and the first flight from Eastern Europe landed in the Gambia."[33] At the same time Jammeh also stated that "this country is one of the oldest and biggest countries in Africa that was reduced to a small snake by the British government who sold all our lands to the French."[33]
In 1996, Jammeh institutionalized The International Roots Festival. Since then, the festival has attracted hundreds of Africans from the Diaspora to the Gambia to reconnect with their African Ancestry and to immerse themselves in the culture of Africa and to come back to their roots.[34] In 2011, Jammeh renamed James Island to Kunta Kinte Island at the request of American Artist Chaz Guest.
Religion
In July 2010, Jammeh stressed that people should believe in God: "If you don't believe in God, you can never be grateful to humanity and you are even below a pig."[36]
In 2011 he told the BBC, "I will deliver to the Gambian people and if I have to rule this country for one billion years, I will, if Allah says so."[37]
Criticism
Restrictions to press freedom
Jammeh has been accused of restricting freedom of the press. Harsh new press laws were followed by the unsolved killing of Deyda Hydara, editor of The Point tabloid. Hydara, who had been mildly critical of the Jammeh regime, was brutally gunned down in December 2004.[38]
Alhagie Martin, one of Jammeh’s closest military aides, has been named in connection with Hydara's killing. It has, however, not been possible to verify the allegation linking Martin with Hydara's slaying. It is widely believed that Jammeh is responsible for Hydara's murder.[38] Jammeh has denied that security agents were involved in the killing.[39]
In April 2004 he called on journalists to obey his government "or go to hell". In June 2005 he stated on radio and television that he has allowed "too much expression" in the country.[40]
In July 2006, journalist Ebrima Manneh of The Daily Observer was reportedly arrested by state security after attempting to republish aBBC report criticizing Jammeh shortly before an African Union meeting in Banjul; his arrest was witnessed by coworkers.[41] Though ordered to release Manneh by an Economic Community of West African States court, the Gambian government denied that Manneh was imprisoned.[42]
According to AFP, an unnamed police source confirmed Manneh's arrest in April 2009, but added he believed Manneh "is no longer alive".[42] Amnesty International named Manneh a prisoner of conscience and a 2011 "priority case".[43] The Committee to Protect Journalists has also called for his release.[41]
Alleged human rights abuses[edit]
Shooting of students[edit]
On 10 and 11 April 2000, the government was accused in the killing of 12 students and a journalist during a student demonstration to protest the death of a student in the Gambia. Jammeh was accused of ordering the shooting of the students, but the government denied the allegations. A government commission of inquiry reportedly concluded that the Police Intervention Unit (PIU) officers were "largely responsible" for many of the deaths and other injuries.[44]
The commission also said that five soldiers of the 2nd Infantry Battalion were responsible for the deaths of two students at Brikama. The government stated that the report implicated several PIU officers in the students' deaths and injuries, but those responsible were not prosecuted.[44]
Disappearances and imprisonments
Newspaper reports list dozens of individuals who have disappeared after being picked up by men in plain-clothes, and others who have languished under indefinite detention for months or years without charge or trial.[45] The regional Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) court ordered the Gambia government to produce one journalist who was disappeared.[46][47][48]
Witch hunting campaign
In March 2009 Amnesty International reported that up to 1,000 Gambians had been abducted by government-sponsored "witch doctors" on charges of witchcraft, and taken to detention centers where they were forced to drink poisonous concoctions.[49] On 21 May 2009, The New York Times reported that the alleged witch-hunting campaign had been sparked by the President Yahya Jammeh, who believed that the death of his aunt earlier that year could be attributed to witchcraft.[50]
Massacre of migrants
Jammeh has also been linked with the 2004 massacre of 44 Ghanaian migrants and 10 other ECOWAS nationals.[51][52][53]
Death penalty
Though previously regarded by Amnesty International as "abolitionist in practice", having had no executions since 1985,[54] on 27 August 2012, the Gambian government confirmed that nine prisoners were executed by firing squad.[55] This followed President Jammeh's stated intention to carry out all death penalties before mid-September amid protests from the European Union countries and others.[56]
Personal life
Jammeh's first marriage ended in divorce.[57] Jammeh married his second wife Zeinab Suma Jammeh, in 1999.[57] They have two children as of 2007, a daughter, Mariam Jammeh, and a son, Muhammed Yahya Jammeh. The latter was born in late 2007, when his daughter was eight years old.[58]
Both of his children were born in Washington, D. C., and U.S. citizenship recognition was requested for the first child – but her request was denied (because, as a child of a foreign person holding diplomatic exemption status, she was not considered subject to the jurisdiction of the United States when born, as is required for birthright citizenship in the United States).[59]
On 30 September 2010, Jammeh announced his marriage to a 21-year-old (or possibly 18-year-old[1]) additional wife by the name Alima Sallah, daughter of Omar Gibril Sallah, Gambia's current Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, and Zahra Sallah.[57][60] It was announced that his new wife would officially be referred to as Lady Alima Yahya Jammeh, and would not be referred to as a "first lady", since Zeinab Suma Jammeh is the official "first lady".[60]
According to at least one source, his marriage to Ms. Sallah was a shock to his other wife Zeinab Suma Jammeh, and the additional marriage led to strains in their relationship and even plans for their divorce.[61] Zeinab Jammeh had reportedly already been living in the U.S. separately from her husband for some time.[61] Ms. Sallah reportedly also left Gambia for the U.S. in June 2010.[61] According to the same publication, he then divorced Ms. Sallah in early 2011.[1][2]
Titles and styles
The official title used is His Excellency Sheikh Professor Alhaji Dr. Yahya Abdul-Aziz Awal Jemus Junkung Jammeh Naasiru Deen Babili Mansa.[62] He is Commander In Chief of The Armed Forces and Chief Custodian of the Sacred Constitution of the Gambia.[63]
Awards and honors
Jammeh has received Honorary Doctorates from St. Mary's College of Maryland,[64] Universidad Empresarial de Costa Rica, Norman Academy,[65] and National Taipei University of Technology.[66]
He has received awards through the unrecognised higher education accreditation organisation the International Parliament for Safety and Peace, including a peace award,[67] the honorary title of Kentucky colonel[68] and the tongue-in-cheek award of Nebraska Admiral[69][70][71][72] Jennifer Rae Hein, a spokeswoman for the Governor of Nebraska, acknowledged that Jammeh was granted an admiralship in the Nebraska Navy,[73] but later stated "We regret that this individual has attempted to embellish a certificate for a Nebraska admiralship, claiming that it was a high honor bestowed upon him by the governor, when to the best of our knowledge, this person has no relationship with or ties to Nebraska. "[74]
No comments:
Post a Comment