BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY
Ulric Cross
| Philip Louis Ulric Cross DSO DFC | |
|---|---|
| Nickname(s) | Black Hornet |
| Born | 1 May 1917 Port of Spain, Trinidad |
| Died | 4 October 2013 (aged 96) Port of Spain, Trinidad |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom |
| Service/branch |  Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1941–47 |
| Rank | Squadron Leader |
| Commands held | No 139 (Jamaica) Squadron |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Order Distinguished Flying Cross |
Philip Louis Ulric Cross DSO* DFC (1 May 1917 – 4 October 2013), was a Trinidadian jurist, diplomat and RAF navigator. He is recognized as possibly the most decorated West Indian of World War II.[1]
Biography
Early years
Cross was born on 1 May 1917, in Port of Spain, Trinidad, to Reginald Rufus and Maud Iris Cross.[3] He was the second child in a family of nine.[4] At the age of eleven, he passed the Government Exhibition Examination and was awarded one of eight annual scholarships that qualified him for five years of free secondary education. He came first in the island by achieving the highest marks scored nationally,[4] and went on to attend St Mary's College.[5] He was devastated by his mother's death when he was just 13 years old.[4][6][7] His academic focus was completely derailed by this latter event and so, after completing five years of college education, he left school. His first job was with the Trinidad Guardian as a copy editor. Then he worked for about four years as a clerk to Leo Pujadas, Solicitor. When Cross turned twenty-one, he joined the Civil Service and worked for a while with the Trinidad Government Railways. In this job, his close colleague was J. O'Neil "Scottie" Lewis.[8]
World War II service
In 1941, aged 24, Cross joined the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and served with RAF Bomber Command during the Second World War, attaining the rank of Squadron Leader. He was the only West Indian in his squadron.[9] In June 1944 he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and in January 1945 was awarded the Distinguished Service Order[2][10] in recognition of his "fine example of keenness and devotion to duty" and "exceptional navigational ability".[1] He was a member of the elite Pathfinder Force that perfected techniques for precision main force bombing. In his own words: "We did a lot of low-level daylight bombing. We flew at just 50 feet instead of the normal 25,000 feet. We dropped four 500-pound bombs. You flew in to your target at 50 feet and as you approached it you went up to 1,200 feet. You then did a shallow dive onto the target and released your bombs. The bomb had an 11-second delay, so you shot up to avoid the bomb blast. We went over in formation and we bombed in formation, but we came back independently". Cross flew 80 missions over Germany and occupied Europe as navigator of a Mosquito fighter-bomber,[8] and was the model for the Black character, Squadron Leader Charles Ford in Ken Follett's novel Hornet Flight.[11][12][13]
Post-war career
After the war, Cross went on to study law and was called to the Bar under the aegis of the Middle Temple, London, in 1949.
He returned to Trinidad where, from 1949 to 1953, he was Legal Adviser to the Comptroller of Imports and Exports, Trinidad and Tobago. He also lectured in Trade Union History and Trade Union Law at the Extra-Mural Department of the University of the West Indies, located in Trinidad.[3] When he went back to London, he worked for some time as a Talks Producer with the BBC 1953-57).[3]
Subsequently, Cross practised law in Africa for many years: between 1958 and 1960 he worked in Ghana, where he was Crown Counsel and Senior Crown Counsel, and lectured in Criminal Law at the Ghana School of Law.[3] Continuing his African journey, he served in West Cameroon (1960–66), where he was elevated to Senior Crown Counsel and Attorney General, was a Member of the Cabinet, the House of Chiefs and the House of Assembly Avocat-General at the Federal Court of Justice of the Republic of Cameroon.[3]In 1967, Cross became a High Court judge in Tanzania, where from 1968 to 1970 he was Chairman of the Permanent Labour Tribunal.[3] He also served as a Professor of Law at the University of Dar es Salaam.
He returned to Trinidad in 1971 to serve as a High Court judge.[2] In 1979 Ulric Cross was elevated to the Court of Appeal. He then became Chairman of the Law Reform Commission of Trindad and Tobago from 1982 to 1983,[2] in which position he made a significant contribution towards furthering the revision and development of the country’s laws.[14] Most recently, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, has acknowledged: "Some of his judgments changed the landscape of Trinidad and Tobago."[15]
Diplomatic posts
From 1990 to 1993 Ulric Cross served as High Commissioner for Trinidad and Tobago at the Court of St James's, UK, combining the position with that of Ambassador to bothGermany and France.[1] Previously, he had been appointed Chairman of the Commonwealth Foundation in 1983.[3]
Later years
In April 1993, Cross co-founded—with his colleague, Desmond Allum SC—the charitable non-profit organization called Cotton Tree Foundation (CTF),[16] that works with some of the most deprived communities in Port-of-Spain in order to combat high levels of poverty and unemployment through counselling, self-help, education and training projects. On his 90th birthday in 2007, the Ulric Cross Cotton Tree Endowment Fund was launched,[4] to expand the work of the CTF to include a legal aid clinic, community sports programme and an art and music programme.[17]
Cross has been the recipient of many awards and accolades. In 2011, at Trinidad and Tobago’s 49th Independence Day celebrations,[18] he received the Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the nation's highest award,[19] for distinguished and outstanding service in the sphere of law.[20][21] In June 2011, the Piarco Air Station was renamed the Ulric Cross Air Station.[21][22] In 2012 a comic book entitled And Justice For All, The True Story Of A Local Hero was published in his honour in Trinidad by the Heroes Foundation, in their "Heroes of a Nation" series.[7][23]
A documentary feature film by Frances-Anne Solomon[24] inspired by the life and times of Ulric Cross is currently (2013) in production.[25][26][27][28] His daughter Nicola Cross is the film's associate producer.[29] Ulric Cross also has another daughter, arts administrator Sue Woodford-Hollick, Lady Hollick and a son, Richard Finch, an educator who currently works in South Africa.
Squadron Leader P. L. Ulric Cross served as President of The Royal Air Forces Association Trinidad and Tobago Branch No. 1075 from 2009 until his death in 2013. This Branch was established on 17th April 1953. As President he was very active in the running of the Branch and inspired the vision to build a Military Veterans Complex for all veterans of military service on the Branch's property at 20 Queen's Park East, Belmont, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
Ulric Cross died aged 96 on 4 October 2013, at his home on Dere Street, Port of Spain, where in his retirement he had been living with his daughter Nicola.[30][31][32] A memorial service in his honour was held at Memorial Park, Port-of-Spain, on 10 October 2013.[33][34] Paying tribute to Cross at the service, the British High Commissioner said: "Without the help of servicemen from the Commonwealth (like Cross), the outcome of World War II would have been entirely different."[35]
Awards
- Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC), 1944
- Distinguished Service Order (DSO), 1945
- Order of Merit - First Class, Federal Republic of Cameroon
- Order of Valour, Federal Republic of Cameroon
- Chaconia Gold Medal, Trinidad & Tobago, 1983
- Honorary Doctorate of Law, University of the West Indies
- Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 2011
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