BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY
Joseph Rainey
| BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY |
| Joseph Rainey | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 1st district | |
| In office December 12, 1870 - March 3, 1879 | |
| Preceded by | Benjamin F. Whittemore |
| Succeeded by | John S. Richardson |
| Member of the South Carolina Senate fromGeorgetown County | |
| In office November 24, 1868 – November 28, 1870 | |
| Preceded by | Richard Dozier |
| Succeeded by | John Francis Beckman |
| Personal details | |
| Born | June 21, 1832 Georgetown, South Carolina |
| Died | August 1, 1887 (aged 55) Georgetown, South Carolina |
| Political party | Republican |
| Profession | barber, politician, banker |
Joseph Hayne Rainey (June 21, 1832 – August 1, 1887) was the first African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives, the second black person to serve in the United States Congress (U.S. Senator Hiram Revels was the first), the first African American to be directly elected to Congress (Revels was appointed), and the first black presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. Born into slavery in South Carolina, he was freed in the 1840;s by his father purchasing the freedom of his entire family and himself. Revels and Rainey were both members of the Republican Party.
Early life and education
Joseph Hayne Rainey was born into slavery in Georgetown, South Carolina. He and his brother Edward were of mixed race; their mother Grace was of African and French descent,[1] likely from slaves brought by refugees from Saint-Domingue during and after the revolution that created Haiti. Their father Edward Rainey, also enslaved, had been allowed by his master to work independently to EARN MONEY AND
developed a successful business as a barber; he paid a portion of his income to his master as required by law. Edward saved a substantial sum; by the 1840s he purchased his freedom and that of his wife and two sons.[1] With education severely limited for blacks, as an adult Rainey followed his father by becoming a barber, an independent and well-respected TRADE that enabled him to build a wide network in his community.
developed a successful business as a barber; he paid a portion of his income to his master as required by law. Edward saved a substantial sum; by the 1840s he purchased his freedom and that of his wife and two sons.[1] With education severely limited for blacks, as an adult Rainey followed his father by becoming a barber, an independent and well-respected TRADE that enabled him to build a wide network in his community.Marriage and family
In 1859, Rainey went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he met and married Susan, a free woman of color from the West Indies, who was also of African-French descent. They returned to South Carolina, where their three children were born: Joseph II, Herbert and Olivia.[1]
Civil War
In 1861, with the outbreak of the American Civil War, Rainey was among free blacks drafted by the Confederate government to work on fortifications in Charleston, South Carolina. He also worked as a cook and laborer on blockade runner ships.
In 1862, Rainey and his family escaped to Bermuda. They settled in the town of St. George, Bermuda, where Rainey worked as a barber, while his wife became a successful dressmaker with a shop. In 1865, the couple moved to the town of Hamilton when an outbreak of yellow fever threatened St. George. Rainey worked at the HAMILTON HOTELas a barber and a bartender, where his customers were mostly white. He became a respected member of the community. They made a prosperous life in Bermuda.
as a barber and a bartender, where his customers were mostly white. He became a respected member of the community. They made a prosperous life in Bermuda.
Return to the US and politics
In 1866, following the war's end, Rainey and his family returned to South Carolina, where they settled in Charleston. In 1870, 43 percent of the city's population was African American, including many people of color who, like Rainey, had been free and held skilled jobs before the war. His experience and wealth helped establish him as a leader and he quickly became involved in politics, joining the executive committee of the state Republican Party. In 1868, he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention.
In 1870, Rainey was elected to the State Senate of South Carolina and became chair of the FINANCE Committee. He served only a short time as that year he won a special election as a Republican to fill a vacancy in the Forty-first Congress of the United States. This vacancy had been created when the House refused to seat Benjamin F. Whittemore, the incumbent. He had been censured by the House for corruption but re-elected.
Committee. He served only a short time as that year he won a special election as a Republican to fill a vacancy in the Forty-first Congress of the United States. This vacancy had been created when the House refused to seat Benjamin F. Whittemore, the incumbent. He had been censured by the House for corruption but re-elected.
Rainey was seated December 12, 1870 and was re-elected to Congress, serving a total of four terms. Serving until March 3, 1879, he established a record of length of service for a black Congressman that was not surpassed until that of William L. Dawson of Chicago in the 1950s. He supported legislation that became known as the Force Acts, to suppress the violent activities of the Ku Klux Klan. This helped for a time, before white insurgents developed other paramilitary groups in the South, such as the White League and the Red Shirts.
Rainey made three speeches on the floor of Congress in support of what was finally passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In 1873, he said he was not seeking 'social equality' and was content to choose his own circle.
He went on to say,
With violence against blacks increasing in the South, in 1874 Rainey purchased a "summer home" in Windsor, Connecticut. As a US representative from South Carolina, Rainey could not use Windsor as his primary residence, but he moved his family there for their safety. While visiting, he became an active member of the First Church of Windsor. The "Joseph H. Rainey House", a c.1830 Greek Revival, is located at 299 Palisado Avenue (it is currently used as a private residence). It was designated as one of 130 stops on the Connecticut Freedom Trail, established in 1996 to highlight the achievements of African Americans in gaining freedom and civil rights.
During his term in Congress, Rainey supported legislation to protect the civil rights of Southern blacks, working for two years to gain passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875. He also worked to PROMOTE the southern economy. In May 1874, Rainey became the first African American to preside over the House of Representatives as Speaker pro tempore.[3]
the southern economy. In May 1874, Rainey became the first African American to preside over the House of Representatives as Speaker pro tempore.[3]
Since 1874, paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts in North and South Carolina and Louisiana had acted openly as the military arm of the Democratic Party to suppress black voting. In July 1876, six blacks were murdered in the Hamburg Massacre and in October, at least 100 were killed by white paramilitary groups in several days of violence inEllenton, both in contested Aiken County, South Carolina.[4]
But in 1876, Rainey won re-election from the Charleston district against Democratic candidate John Smythe Richardson. Richardson challenged the result as invalid on the grounds of intimidation of Democrats by federal soldiers and black militias guarding the polls, but Rainey retained his seat. The 1876 election was marked by widespread fraud in the state. For instance, votes counted in the upland Edgefield County for the Democratic gubernatorial candidate Wade Hampton III exceeded by 2,000 the total number of REGISTERED voters in the county; similar results were counted in Laurens County.[5] That year Democrats ultimately took control of the state government, and the next year the federal government withdrew its troops from the South as part of a national compromise; Reconstruction was ended.
voters in the county; similar results were counted in Laurens County.[5] That year Democrats ultimately took control of the state government, and the next year the federal government withdrew its troops from the South as part of a national compromise; Reconstruction was ended.
In 1878, Rainey was defeated in a second contest with Richardson, although blacks CONTINUED to be elected for local offices through much of the 19th century. White Democrats used their dominance of the state legislature to pass laws for segregation, Jim Crow and making voter registration more difficult, effectively disfranchising blacks. In 1895 they passed a new state constitution, that completed the disfranchisement of most blacks, stripping them of political power and excluding them from the political process for the next several decades.
to be elected for local offices through much of the 19th century. White Democrats used their dominance of the state legislature to pass laws for segregation, Jim Crow and making voter registration more difficult, effectively disfranchising blacks. In 1895 they passed a new state constitution, that completed the disfranchisement of most blacks, stripping them of political power and excluding them from the political process for the next several decades.
After leaving Congress, Joseph Rainey was appointed as a federal agent of the US Treasury Department for internal revenue in South Carolina. He held this position for two years, after which he began a career in private commerce. He worked in brokerage and banking in Washington, DC for five years.
Rainey retired in 1886 and returned to South Carolina. He died the following year in Georgetown, the city in which he was born.
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