BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY
Oscar Stanton De Priest
| Oscar Stanton De Priest | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 1st district | |
| In office March 4, 1929 – January 3, 1935 | |
| Preceded by | Martin B. Madden |
| Succeeded by | Arthur W. Mitchell |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 9, 1871 Florence, Alabama |
| Died | May 12, 1951 (aged 80) Chicago, Illinois |
| Resting place | Graceland Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Jessie De Priest |
| Children | Laurence W. De Priest Oscar Stanton De Priest, Jr. |
Oscar Stanton De Priest (March 9, 1871 – May 12, 1951) was an American lawmaker and civil rights advocate who served as aU.S. Representative from Illinois from 1929 to 1935. He was the first African American to be elected to Congress from outside thesouthern states and the first in the 20th century.
Early life
De Priest was born in Florence, Alabama to former slaves. His mother worked part-time as a laundress, and his father, whose name was Leander, was a teamster associated with the "Exodus" movement, which arose after the American Civil War to help blacks escape continued oppression in the South by moving to other states that offered greater freedom. In 1878, the De Priests left forDayton, Ohio, after the elder De Priest had to save his friend, former Congressman James T. Rapier, from a lynch mob and another black man was killed on their doorstep.[1] He had a brother named Robert De Priest.
Career
Business
In Salina, Kansas, De Priest studied bookkeeping at the Salina Normal School.[2] In 1889 he moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he worked as an apprentice plasterer, house painter, and decorator, and eventually became a successful contractor and real estate broker. He went on to build a fortune in the stock market and in real estate by helping black families move into formerly all-white neighborhoods. From 1904 to 1908, he was a member of the board of commissioners of Cook County, Illinois, and he then served on the Chicago City Council from 1915 to 1917 as alderman of the 2nd Ward, Chicago’s first black alderman.[2]
He stepped down as alderman in 1917 after being indicted for alleged graft, but was acquitted after hiring Clarence Darrow to defend him.[2]
Politics
In 1919, De Priest ran unsuccessfully for alderman as a member of the People's Movement Club, a political organization he founded. In a few years, De Priest's became the most powerful of Chicago's many black political organizations, and he became the top black politician under Chicago Republican mayor William Hale Thompson.
In 1928, when Republican congressman Martin B. Madden died, Mayor Thompson selected De Priest to replace him on the ballot and he became the first African American elected to Congress in the 20th century, representing the 1st Congressional District of Illinois (the Loop and part of the South Side of Chicago) as a Republican.[2] During his three consecutive terms (1929–1935) as the only black representative in Congress, De Priest introduced several anti-discrimination bills. His 1933 amendment barring discrimination in the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was passed by the Senate and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A second anti-lynching bill failed, even though it would not have made lynching a federal crime. A third proposal, a bill to permit a transfer of jurisdiction if a defendant believed he or she could not get a fair trial because of race or religion, was passed by a later Congress.
Civil rights activists criticized De Priest for opposing federal aid to the poor, but they applauded him for speaking in the South despite death threats. They also praised De Priest for telling an Alabama senator he was not big enough to prevent him from dining in the Senate restaurant, and for defending the right of Howard University students to eat in the House restaurant. De Priest took the House restaurant issue to a special bipartisan House committee. In a three-month-long heated debate, the Republican minority argued that the restaurant's discriminatory practice violated 14th Amendment rights to equal access. The Democratic majority skirted the issue by claiming that the restaurant was not open to the public, and the House restaurant remained segregated.
In 1929, De Priest made national news when first lady Lou Hoover invited his wife, Jessie, to a tea for congressional wives at the White House.[4] He also appointed Benjamin O. Davis Jr. to the U. S. Military Academy at a time when the army had only one African-American line officer (Davis's father).
By the early 1930s, De Priest's popularity waned because he continued to oppose higher taxes on the rich and fought Depression-era federal relief programs. De Priest was defeated in 1934 by Democrat Arthur W. Mitchell, who was also an African American. He was again elected to the Chicago City Council in 1943 as alderman of the 3rd Ward, and served until 1947. He died in Chicago at age 80 and is buried in Graceland Cemetery.
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